TOEFL Question
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CLI 아카데미
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2019-03-12 12:15
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Asian Studies
Taoism is a set of Chinese philosophical and religious concepts based on the teachings of a 6th century BCE master named Lao Tzu. The Chinese character for Tao literally means “the way”, and Taoism was not intended to be worshipped. Rather, it is a set of ideas and beliefs about how one can understand and live his or her life. There are many different branches of Taoism, some of which even seem to be in conflict with each other. Despite the breadth of Taoist teachings, there are three fundamental ideas central to each of them. In his famous book of Taoist teachings called Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu represents the three concepts as ethical guidelines. Also called the three jewels of the Taos, these ideas are compassion, moderation, and humility.
The depth of Lao Tzu’s work makes it impossible for simple interpretations to be made. However, in his writing, the idea of compassion is expounded as an important virtue in all people. Literally, the passage reads: “Here are my three treasures. The first is pity…for only he that pities is truly able to be brave.” The second part of the dictum clarifies that by being compassionate, humans can understand each other and, more importantly, themselves.
Lao Tzu’s second jewel is moderation, which Lao Tzu expresses in his teachings by urging people to be frugal. According to the Tao Te Ching, “Only he who is frugal is truly able to be profuse.” Some have interpreted this idea to mean that people should be free of desire and seek simplicity in life.
The third of the jewel is humility. Interestingly, the Chinese character for this idea literally means “not dare to be first in the world.” Many Taoists believe that this idea is the key to living a long life, and that to be first exposes one to the dangers in the world. Therefore, by not being first, one can avoid these.
Intend: to have a plan
Conflict: a disagreement
Breadth: the size or scope
Ethical: relating to a system based on morals
Expound: to give an explanation of something
Dictum: an authoritative statement or announcement
Frugal: careful when using money or food
Profuse: given in large amounts
Q. The word them in the passage refers to
(A) Taoist teachings
(B) fundamental ideas
(C) followers of Taoism
(D) beliefs
A>A