TOEFL Sample Question
작성자
CLI 아카데미
작성일
2013-07-21 17:49
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4275
Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read.
Similarities Between Dogs and Wolves
The wolf is the ancestor of all domestic dogs. Evidence from Israel indicates that humans domesticated wolves over 12,000 years ago. Today, dogs and wolves exist as a separate species, even though their genetic makeup is nearly identical. While most dogs bear little physical resemblance to the wolf, dogs retain many behavioral characteristics common to wolves. Modern dogs display similarities to wolves in social structures and in their displays of aggression.
The structure of the wolf pack can be seen amongst families of dogs. Both species evolved as a group of social hunters who had to work as a team to kill large animals. Wolves have hierarchical pack structures, in which one wolf acts as the leader and other wolves are expected to be submissive o the leader. Within families, the mother and father are the alpha wolves, and pups are expected to obey. Wolves form hierarchies not only within their families, but also within Wolves form hierarchies not only within families, but also within their packs. Should they try to assert power, those at the bottom of the scale of dominance risk being ostracized by pack leaders. The hierarchy and teamwork of wolves can also be seen amongst dogs, such as the sled-pulling Siberia huskies. The sled-driver acts as the alpha male or female, giving instructions to the pack. The entire group forms a pack hierarchy, which is vital to the success of the sled.
Both dogs and wolves are highly territorial and will show aggressive behavior in other to assert power. Wolves and dogs similarly curl their lips and snarl when attempting to intimidate or threaten. Wolves may fight within their hierarchies, often until one wolf is severely injured. This struggle to show dominance is a common theme in the history of both dogs and wolves. While domestication could tame their wild natures to an extent, dogs have still retained their inherent belligerence and suspicion of strangers, which humans have learned to take advantage of for guarding, hunting, and sports. While modern dogs do not howl in the same way that wolves do, their vocal defense of territory show many similarities to how wolves defend their homes. Just as a wolf bares its teeth and displays aggression when threatened, a dog behaves similarly if it encounters an unfamiliar or threatening animal.
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Resemblance: the state of being similar to something
Alpha wolf: the wolf considered the leader of the pack
Ostracize: to exclude from a group
Territorial: defensive of a particular area
Inherent: existing as a necessary attribute
Belligerence: the state of treating with disdain or aggression
Bare: to reveal or show
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Q What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
(A) Dogs do not naturally feel a sense of teamwork.
(B) A sled driver is considered the most powerful animal.
(C) Humans are harmful to both wolves and sled dogs.
(D) Wolf hierarchy is not present in dogs.
A > (B) A sled driver is considered the most powerful animal.