TOEFL Sample Question
작성자
CLI 아카데미
작성일
2013-08-19 10:45
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4217
Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read.
Health Sciences
Sugar cane has been cultivated since prehistoric times. Thought to have originated in the Pacific island of New Guinea, sugar has found its way to households all over the world. Despite its value, the sweet substance has many negative effects, according to some scientific reports. Is has been proven to cause tooth decay, suppress the immune system, and contribute to obesity. But perhaps the most serious of the consequences that result from eating sugar is the possibility of developing a sugar addiction. Sugar addiction is when a person craves food that contains sugar and has a negative reaction in its absence. Scientists have learned that it is possible for humans to become both psychologically and physically dependent on sugar.
Psychological dependence is when the mind becomes reliant on a certain substance or activity in order to feel good. Psychological additions usually occur when a person tries to relieve other symptoms, like feelings of loneliness or anxiety. Thus, it is easy to see how one might become psychologically dependent on sugar. Numerous studies and survey have revealed that people seek sugary foods when they are feeling down or angry. In addition, they often report feeling better after indulging in a sweet snack. This suggests that the uncontrollable cravings, anxiety, and even depression experienced when one cannot have sugar are caused by a psychological addition to the substance.
The possibility that sugar is physically addictive has been a matter of debate for many years. A physically addiction is when a person’s body become accustomed to the use of a substance. It is characterized by the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when the person stops using the substance. The idea that sugar could trigger physiological changes similar to a drug has been refuted in the past, but recent studies have provided new insight into the legitimacy of this claim.
Experimenters tested rats by offering them sugar-water solutions as well as regular food. Initially, the rats ate both food and the sugar equally. Within a month, however, scientists observed that they had stopped eating regular food. Moreover, their sugar consumption had doubled. When the sugar was taken away, researchers noted that the rats showed signs of withdrawal, such as paw tremors and teeth chattering. Although similar studies have not been reproduced in humans, the results suggest that sugar might be physically addictive.
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Cultivate : to grow
Suppress : to prevent from operating
Crave : to want something strongly
Withdrawal : a period when one discontinues use of a substance on which the body is physically
Tremor : a slight shaking movement
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Q. The word they in the passage refers to
(A) Rats
(B) Experimenters
(C) Scientists
(D) Solutions
A > (A) Rats