TOEFL Question
Freudian and Jungian Psychology
Two of the most influential psychologists of the early 20th century were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. While the two men worked in collaboration for a munver of years and held each other in high esteem, they developed phychological theories which were quite different from each other.
The basis of Freud’s theory was the separation of the mind into the conscious and the unconscios. Accroding to Freud, the mind consisted of three parts: the id, the ego, and the super-ego. Of these three, the only conscious element was the ego. The super-ego and the id were unconscious elements that basically acted in opposition to each other. The id consisted of a person’s desires and urges, and the super-ego consisted fo the moral rules which sought to suppress these urges. When the super-ego and the id were balanced, the result was a normal, healthy ego. Mental problems resulted from imbalances in these two elements. Freud placed a high emphasis on sexual drives. He believed that sexual drives were present from birth, and that much of the mental instability he saw in perple was due to the imbalance in their sezual drives and the social values which sought to repress those drives.
Jung also believed the unconscious mind played a large role in the make-up of a person’;s personality. Unlike Freud, however, Jung did not focus on instinctual drives. He felt the most powerful force in the unconscious was the presence of shadows. Jung was a firm believer in the concept of opposites, and felt that they were always present in the human mind. For example, he believed basically kind persons also had cruel aspects in their unconscious mind, but that they would hot allow themselves to consciously admit this to themselves. Jung also believed in a deeper level of the unconscious which he called the collective unconscious. This, according to Jung, was the shared unconscious of all of humanity. Jung felt that there were unconscious elements that were common in every person. He called these shared elements archetypes. Mental illness came about when a person’s unconscious deviated too greatly from these archetypes.
Q. Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the psuchology to which they relate. ONE of the answer choices will NOT be used.
Freudian Psychology
• _________________________________________
Jungian Psychology
• _________________________________________
• _________________________________________
Both
• _________________________________________
• _________________________________________
Answer Choices
ⓐ Sought to cure mental illness by developing the unconscious mind
ⓑ Heavy focus on sexual impulses
ⓒ Believed in an unconscious section of the mind
ⓓ Believed in a collective unconscious
ⓔ Mental illness a result of problums th the unconscious
ⓕ Believed everyone has contradictions in their personality
A.
Freudian Psychology: ⓑ
Jungian Psychology: ⓓ,ⓕ
Both: ⓒ,ⓔ